Electronic English

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A number of different terms are used for "manager", including "director", "administrator" and "president". The term "manager" is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies. What, then, is a manager?
First, when used collectively the term "management" refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization.
Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations; they include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships.
Almost everything a manager does involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision-making there is always some uncertainty and risk. Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, and the lawyer can win or lose one case at a certain time. But... A manager is responsible for the men, machines, materials and methods at his disposal. These are resources he uses to reach his objectives. And in determining how he will use them, he must constantly make decisions.
A decision always involves a choice among alternatives. A real decision is required when there's some uncertainty about choosing one course rather than another - when the manager can't really be sure that it is better to decide one way rather than another. Thus true decision-making has some degree of risk.
Decision-making and problem solving involves much more than the final choice among possible courses of action. It involves detecting the occasions for decision - the problems that have to be dealt with. It involves developing possible problem solutions - courses of action - among which the final choice will be made. Discovering and defining problems, elaborating courses of action and making final choices are all stages in the decision-making process.